In August, poor and misleading communication led General Lavr Kornilov, the recently appointed Supreme Commander of Russian military forces, to believe that the Petrograd government had already been captured by radicals, or was in serious danger thereof. [57] Marxism was manifested in Vietnam as early as the Spring of 1925 when the Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League was established, with the league being described as "first truly Marxist organization in Indochina"[58] The domino effect caused more concern among Western countries in regards to Communism in Southeast Asia. Lenin did not believe as Karl Marx that a socialist revolution presupposed a developed capitalist economy and not in a semi-capitalist country as Russia. Far sooner than expected, inadequately trained recruits were called for active duty, a process repeated throughout the war as staggering losses continued to mount. HAUPTSEITE - DEUTSCHLAND - TOPOGRAPHISCHE LANDKARTEN, Karte des westlichen Russlands 1:100.000 (~ 1897-1917). As minister of war and later Prime Minister, Kerensky promoted freedom of speech, released thousands of political prisoners, continued the war effort, even organizing another offensive (which, however, was no more successful than its predecessors). Weitere Informationen finden Sie hier. The Bolsheviks benefited as the only major organized opposition party that had refused to compromise with the Provisional Government, and they benefited from growing frustration and even disgust with other parties, such as the Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries, who stubbornly refused to break with the idea of national unity across all classes. This issue is subject to conflicting views on communist history by various Marxist groups and parties. [62], A Lenin biographer, Robert Service, states he "laid the foundations of dictatorship and lawlessness. The immediate effect of the February Revolution was a widespread atmosphere of elation and excitement in Petrograd. Their attitudes became known as the Zimmerwald Left. In February 1917, striking workers elected deputies to represent them and socialist activists began organizing a citywide council to unite these deputies with representatives of the socialist parties. The Revolutionary Military Committee established by the Bolshevik party was organizing the insurrection and Leon Trotsky was the chairman. ", This page was last edited on 6 March 2021, at 15:48. Weltkriegs, fortgeführt. Germany did not participate in the civil war as it surrendered to the Allied.[34]. Critics on the Right have long argued that the financial and logistical assistance of German intelligence via their key agent, Alexander Parvus was a key component as well, though historians are divided, since there is little evidence supporting that claim. In one 1904 survey, it was found that an average of 16 people shared each apartment in Saint Petersburg, with six people per room. Vollstreckter wahn : Russland, 1917-1991. [2] While the 1905 Revolution was ultimately crushed, and the leaders of the St. Petersburg Soviet were arrested, this laid the groundwork for the later Petrograd Soviet and other revolutionary movements during the lead up to 1917. The crisis in morale (as was argued by Allan Wildman, a leading historian of the Russian army in war and revolution) "was rooted fundamentally in the feeling of utter despair that the slaughter would ever end and that anything resembling victory could be achieved."[13]. [30] Furthermore, the Bolshevik-controlled Moscow Regional Bureau of the Party also controlled the Party organizations of the 13 provinces around Moscow. Individuals and society in general were expected to show self-restraint, devotion to community, deference to the social hierarchy and a sense of duty to the country. The situation climaxed with the October Revolution in 1917, a Bolshevik-led armed insurrection by workers and soldiers in Petrograd that successfully overthrew the Provisional Government, transferring all its authority to the Soviets. speech in reconvened Duma. Early in 1916, Guchkov discussed with senior army officers and members of the Central War Industries Committee about a possible coup to force the abdication of the Tsar. Cuba's revolution contributed to escalating tensions between the United States and USSR during Cold War, such as the CIA's failed Bay of Pigs Invasion by Cuban exiles in April 1961, and the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962. Russian Republic • October Revolution • Civil War(Red Army • White Guard • separatists • others). At the Civil War's zenith, it is reported that upwards of 200,000 cases were investigated by approximately 200 tribunals. French and German Social Democrats had voted in favour of their respective governments' war efforts. ", Smith, S. A. The Duma's bourgeois parties form the 'Progressive bloc' to push for better government and reform; includes the Kadets, Octobrist groups and Nationalists. The Tsar is warned that his army will not support him against a revolution. [52] China was officially made a communist country on 1 October 1949, resulting in the establishment of the People's Republic of China (which still remains to this day) with Chairman Mao Zedong at its head. MONATLICH ODER EINMALIG . As the war dragged on inconclusively, war-weariness gradually took its toll. The Russian Revolution of 1905 was a major factor contributing to the cause of the Revolutions of 1917. Herzlich Willkommen im Landkartenarchiv, ihr Ahnenforscher, Historiker, geschichtsinteressierte Menschen, Schüler, Studenten, Oldtimerfans, Weltenbummler, Film- und Fernsehproduktionen This non-elected provisional government faced the revolutionary situation and the growing mood against the war by avoiding elections to the state Duma. Workers responded to the massacre with a crippling general strike, forcing Nicholas to put forth the October Manifesto, which established a democratically elected parliament (the State Duma). Nicholas ignored these warnings and Russia's Tsarist regime collapsed a few months later during the February Revolution of 1917. Increasing peasant disturbances and sometimes actual revolts occurred, with the goal of securing ownership of the land they worked. Russians retreat in panic, sacking the town of. Victorious, they reconstituted themselves as the Communist Party. Their promise to end Russia's participation in the First World War was fulfilled when the Bolshevik leaders signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany in March 1918. [3], Russia's poor performance in 1914-1915 prompted growing complaints directed at Tsar Nicholas II and the Romanov family. [Von] I. Larin und L. Kritzmann. Delivery time: 9 - 12 days. Although the Tsar accepted the 1906 Fundamental State Laws one year later, he subsequently dismissed the first two Dumas when they proved uncooperative. Vor allen im 1. Since the Age of Enlightenment, Russian intellectuals had promoted Enlightenment ideals such as the dignity of the individual and the rectitude of democratic representation. [5], It was these views of Martov that predominated in a manifesto drawn up by Leon Trotsky (at the time a Menshevik) at a conference in Zimmerwald, attended by 35 Socialist leaders in September 1915. "April Days": mass demonstrations by workers, soldiers, and others in the streets of Petrograd and Moscow triggered by the publication of the Foreign Minister. On 27 February, socialist Duma deputies, mainly Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries, took the lead in organizing a citywide council. [23] The socialists had formed their rival body, the Petrograd Soviet (or workers' council) four days earlier. Troops from 181st Regiment help striking Russkii. "[59] Since the Fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975, Vietnam has remained a communist country. Miliukov gives his 'Is this stupidity or treason?' Nevertheless, Kerensky still faced several great challenges, highlighted by the soldiers, urban workers, and peasants, who claimed that they had gained nothing by the revolution: The political group that proved most troublesome for Kerensky, and would eventually overthrow him, was the Bolshevik Party, led by Vladimir Lenin. [55] Today, Cuba is moving more towards Capitalism and a free-market economy, as the Center for Democracy in the Americas (CDA) believes Castro's policies during his rule fostered "an acceptance that market forces can play a role in economic policy and that economic growth must be the central criterion to judge economic success."[56]. Over the course of the spring, public dissatisfaction with the Provisional Government and the war, in particular among workers, soldiers and peasants, pushed these groups to radical parties. Among them, in order of release date: Media related to Russian Revolution of 1917 at Wikimedia Commons, 20th-century revolution leading to the downfall of the Russian monarchy, This article is about the revolution that began in 1917. Unfulfilled hopes of democracy fueled revolutionary ideas and violent outbursts targeted at the monarchy. ", Smith, Steve. With a firm belief that his power to rule was granted by Divine Right, Nicholas assumed that the Russian people were devoted to him with unquestioning loyalty. Liberal parties too had an increased platform to voice their complaints, as the initial fervor of the war resulted in the Tsarist government creating a variety of political organizations. Serious defeats, Nicholas II declares himself Commander in Chief. Conditions became increasingly difficult to afford food and physically obtain it. Nicholas also sought to foster a greater sense of national unity with a war against a common and old enemy. By the end of October 1916, Russia had lost between 1,600,000 and 1,800,000 soldiers, with an additional 2,000,000 prisoners of war and 1,000,000 missing, all making up a total of nearly 5,000,000 men. Among them, in order of release date: The Russian Revolution has been used as a direct backdrop for select video games. [17], To quell the riots, the Tsar looked to the army. However, a Bolshevik force under Mikhail Frunze destroyed the Makhnovist movement, when the Makhnovists refused to merge into the Red Army. [33], Liberal and monarchist forces, loosely organized into the White Army, immediately went to war against the Bolsheviks' Red Army, in a series of battles that would become known as the Russian Civil War. Although return to Russia had become a possibility, the war made it logistically difficult. The elections to the Russian Constituent Assembly took place 25 November 1917. The Russian Revolution of 1905 was a major factor contributing to the cause of the Revolutions of 1917. The Petrograd Soviet met in the Tauride Palace, the same building where the new government was taking shape. "Battlefield 1 – In the Name of the Tsar – Battlefield Official Site", Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War, Russia in War and Revolution, 1914–1922: A Documentary History, Social Identities in Revolutionary Russia, Russia in War and Revolution, 1914-1922: A Documentary History, 1914-1918-online. Dropbox, ohne Anmeldung und Registrierung, direkt hochladen. Media in category "1917 in Russia" The following 45 files are in this category, out of 45 total. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, International Responses to the Russian Civil War (Russian Empire), Social Conflict and Control, Protest and Repression (Russian Empire), Governments, Parliaments and Parties (Russian Empire), Labour Movements, Trade Unions and Strikes (Russian Empire), Organization of War Economies (Russian Empire), Orlando Figes's free educational website on the Russian Revolution and Soviet history, Soviet history archive at www.marxists.org, Archival footage of the Russian Revolution // Net-Film Newsreels and Documentary Films Archive, Kevin Murphy's Isaac and Tamara Deutscher Memorial Prize lecture Can we Write the History of the Russian Revolution, Thanks to Trotsky, the 'insurrection' was bloodless, The Bolsheviks and workers' control: the state and counter-revolution - Maurice Brinton, Left-wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks, Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine, Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia, Provisional Polish Revolutionary Committee, Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russian_Revolution&oldid=1010648146, Aftermath of World War I in Russia and in the Soviet Union, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Articles with disputed statements from February 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. [21] He was placed under house arrest with his family by the Provisional Government. Im Landkartenarchiv finden Sie über 29.930 historische Landkarten, Stadtpläne, Durchfahrtspläne, Autoatlanten, Weltatlanten und einige A571. Orlando Figes, A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891–1924 (New York: Viking Press 1997), 767. [nb 1], Workers also had good reasons for discontent: overcrowded housing with often deplorable sanitary conditions, long hours at work (on the eve of the war, a 10-hour workday six days a week was the average and many were working 11–12 hours a day by 1916), constant risk of injury and death from poor safety and sanitary conditions, harsh discipline (not only rules and fines, but foremen's fists), and inadequate wages (made worse after 1914 by steep wartime increases in the cost of living). [18] Although few actively joined the rioting, many officers were either shot or went into hiding; the ability of the garrison to hold back the protests was all but nullified, symbols of the Tsarist regime were rapidly torn down around the city, and governmental authority in the capital collapsed – not helped by the fact that Nicholas had prorogued the Duma that morning, leaving it with no legal authority to act. 1917 map - Flemmings Kriegskarte - Europäisches Russland - Übersicht aller russischen Kriegsschauplätze in Europa und im Kaukasus.tif 8,172 × 10,149; 42 MB 1917 world map of World War I - Flemmings Kriegs-Weltkarte.tif 10,245 × 8,047; 33.5 MB Students, white-collar workers, and teachers joined the workers in the streets and at public meetings. Weltkartenwerke für Deutschland, Europa und der Welt. The poor conditions only aggravated the situation, with the number of strikes and incidents of public disorder rapidly increasing in the years shortly before World War I. Die Dateien können sie über unserer Shop with confidence. "Contemporary Russian Scholarship on the February Revolution in Petrograd: Some Centenary Observations. During this chaotic period, there were frequent mutinies, protests and strikes. The army leadership felt they did not have the means to suppress the revolution, and Emperor Nicholas II abdicated his throne. Die offizielle Staatsbezeichnung ist russisch (Все-)Росси́йская импе́рия, Transkription: (Wse-)Rossijskaja imperija, wörtlich: „(All-)Russisches Imperium“. Living in cities, workers encountered material goods they had never seen in villages. This was a naval mutiny engineered by Soviet Baltic sailors, former Red Army soldiers, and the people of Kronstadt. 5 … Russia suffers heavy defeats and a large shortage of supplies, including food and munitions, but holds onto. ", Warth, Robert D. "On the Historiography of the Russian Revolution. 26 February], when the Tsar ordered the army to suppress the rioting by force, troops began to revolt. Wenn sie By the end of 1915, there were manifold signs that the economy was breaking down under the heightened strain of wartime demand. E-Book ISBN: 9783657785834 Publisher: ... Russland an der Jahreswende 1916/17. All happened so fast that the left SR fraction did not have time to reach out and be represented in ballots of the SR party which was part of the coalition in the provisional government. The Kornilov Affair failed largely due to the efforts of the Bolsheviks, whose influence over railroad and telegraph workers proved vital in stopping the movement of troops. Official Soviet demonstration in Petrograd for unity is unexpectedly dominated by Bolshevik slogans: "Down with the Ten Capitalist Ministers", "All Power to the Soviets". ... Topografische Karte der Deutschen Wehrmacht 1918 (von der russischen Karte 1917), Memrik und Ignatjewo Kolonien und Umgebung. The Petrograd Soviet and the Provisional Government competed for power over Russia. Other political groups were trying to undermine him. [nb 3]. The Bolsheviks gained 25% of the vote. Daly, Jonathan and Leonid Trofimov, eds. These men, usually of peasant or working-class backgrounds, were to play a large role in the politicization of the troops in 1917. These staggering losses played a definite role in the mutinies and revolts that began to occur. Grand Duchy of Moscow • Novgorod Republic, February Revolution • Provisional Government Free shipping for many products! A revolutionary wave caused by the Russian Revolution lasted until 1923, but despite initial hopes for success in the German Revolution of 1918–19, the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic, and others like it, no other Marxist movement at the time succeeded in keeping power in its hands. Karte des westlichen Russlands (KdwR) Index Map . Although the Bolsheviks did not have extensive political experience, their portrayal of the revolution itself as both a political and symbolic order resulted in Communism's portrayal as a messianic faith, formally known as communist messianism. Index sheet. Between 1890 and 1910, the population of the capital, Saint Petersburg, swelled from 1,033,600 to 1,905,600, with Moscow experiencing similar growth. Major recent works that examine themes discussed above (and can serve as a guide to older scholarship) Christine Worobec, Among the many scholarly works on Russian workers, see especially. The soldiers did not feel as if they were valuable, rather they felt as if they were expendable. Additional Physical Format: Online version: Germany. An ally in the left fraction of the Revolutionary-Socialist Party, with huge support among the peasants who opposed Russia's participation in the war, supported the slogan 'All power to the Soviets'. Rampant discontent lowered morale, which was further undermined by a series of military defeats. Münze Russland 3 Kopeken Serebrom 1844 Nikolai I ЕМ Kupfer C#146.1 SEHR SELTEN. This was mainly because, as the war progressed, many of the officers who were loyal to the Tsar were killed, being replaced by discontented conscripts from the major cities who had little loyalty to the Tsar. George Orwell's classic novella Animal Farm is an allegory of the Russian Revolution and its aftermath. "[53], Cuba experienced its own communist revolution as well, known as the Cuban Revolution, which began in July 1953 under the leadership of revolutionary Fidel Castro. Grassroots community assemblies called "Soviets", which were dominated by soldiers and the urban industrial proletariat, initially permitted the Provisional Government to rule but insisted on a prerogative to influence the government and control various militias. Bolshevik majority in. Auswärtiges Amt. (Datenschutzerklärung), Die Postdampfschifflinienkarte des Weltpostverkehrs, Internationale Weltkarte / International Maps of the World, Europa - Mittelmeer, Afrika, Kleinasien 1:5.000.000 (Mai 1941), DDAC Strassenkarte von Südost-Europa 1:2.000.000 (1942), Ravenstein Übersichtskarte Europa 1:8.500.000 (1943), Der Europäische Raum 1:6.000.000 (Mai 1943), Reichskarten / Großblätter / Einheitsblätter / Deutsche Heereskarte 1:100.000, Reymann´s topographische Special-Karte 1:200.000, Übersichtskarte von Nord-, Ost- und Mitteleuropa 1:300.000, Deutsche Weltkarte / Deutsche Fliegerkarte 1:500.000, Übersichtskarte von Europa und Vorderasien / Operationskarte 1:800.000, Postleitkarten des Kursbureau des Reichspostamts, Ravensteins Karte von Deutschland zur Einteilung von Vertreter-Bezirken, Ravenstein Karte Grossdeutschland - Die Deutschen Postleitgebiete, Die große Sammlung von historischen Stadtpläne, General-Karte des Öserreichischen Kaiserstaats, Karte des westlichen Rußlands B36 - Wieruszow 1:100.000, Karte des westlichen Rußlands B37 - Boleslawiec 1:100.000, Karte des westlichen Rußlands D40 - Beuthen (Bendzin?) ", left fraction of the Revolutionary-Socialist Party, Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War, Second Congress of Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, Index of articles related to the Russian Revolution and Civil War, "The Russian Revolution | Boundless World History", Petrograd on the Eve of Kronstadt rising 1921. (russisch) mennonitische Kolonien und Orte von Viktor Petkau hervorgehoben. The soldiers were dissatisfied and demoralised and had started to defect. The Russian Revolution inspired other communist movements around the world in regions such as South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Latin America. The historiography of the Revolution generally divides into three camps: the Soviet-Marxist view, the Western-Totalitarian view, and the Revisionist view. "Doklad petrogradskogo okhrannogo otdeleniia osobomu otdelu departamenta politsii" ["Report of the Petrograd Okhrana to the Special Department of the Department of the Police"], October 1916, Krasnyi arkhiv 17 (1926), 4–35 (quotation 4). [44] The "Decree on Revolutionary Tribunals" used by the People's Commissar of Justice, states in article 2 that "In fixing the penalty, the Revolutionary Tribunal shall be guided by the circumstances of the case and the dictates of the revolutionary conscience. Lenin and his associates, however, had to agree to travel to Russia in a sealed train: Germany would not take the chance that he would foment revolution in Germany. The Bolsheviks had secured a strong base of support within the Soviets and, as the supreme governing party, established a federal government dedicated to reorganizing the former empire into the world's first socialist state, to practice soviet democracy on a national and international scale. It began during the First World War, with the February Revolution that was focused in and around the then-capital, Petrograd (now Saint Petersburg). "Qualls, Karl D., "The Russian Revolutions: The Impact and Limitations of Western Influence" (2003). [50] Leon Trotsky said that the goal of socialism in Russia would not be realized without the success of the world revolution. Elects Central Executive Committee of Soviets (VTsIK), headed by Mensheviks and SRs. Jede Karte ist wichtig! On the way to Russia, Lenin prepared the April Theses, which outlined central Bolshevik policies. Strikes, mutinies, street demonstrations led to the fall of autocracy. In fact, historians such as Sheila Fitzpatrick have asserted that Lenin's exhortations for the Soviet Council to take power were intended to arouse indignation both with the Provisional Government, whose policies were viewed as conservative, and the Soviets themselves, which were viewed as subservients to the conservative government. One interpretation of the United States' involvement in the Vietnam War is "America had lost a guerrilla war in Asia, a loss of caused by failure to appreciate the nuances of counterinsurgency war. [22] On 16 March [O.S. Übersichtsblatt der Karte des westlichen Russlands 1:100.000 - (1914), Übersichtsblatt der Karte des westlichen Russlands 1:100.000 - (1926), Karte des westlichen Rußlands B32 - Slupca 1:100.000 (1897), Karte des westlichen Rußlands B33 - Konin 1:100.000, Karte des westlichen Rußlands B33 - Konin 1:100.000 (1914), Karte des westlichen Rußlands B36 - Wieruszow 1:100.000 (Identisch mit Karte des Deutschen Reichs 401 - Kempen 1:100.000), Karte des westlichen Rußlands B37 - Boleslawiec 1:100.000 (Identisch mit Karte des Deutschen Reichs 426 - Pitschen 1:100.000), Karte des westlichen Rußlands C29 - Thorn 1:100.000 (1897), Karte des westlichen Rußlands C30 - Sluzewo 1:100.000 (1897), Karte des westlichen Rußlands C32 - Sompolno 1:100.000 (1914), Karte des westlichen Rußlands C33 - Kolo 1:100.000 (1914), Karte des westlichen Rußlands C34 - Uniejow 1:100.000 (1914), Karte des westlichen Rußlands C35 - Sieradz 1:100.000 (1921), Karte des westlichen Rußlands C36 - Slotschew 1:100.000 (1914), Karte des westlichen Rußlands C36 - Zloczew 1:100.000 (1916), Karte des westlichen Rußlands C37 - Wielun 1:100.000 (1897), Karte des westlichen Rußlands C38 - Krzepice 1:100.000 (1897), Karte des westlichen Rußlands D29 - Dobrzyn 1:100.000 (1897), Karte des westlichen Rußlands D30 - Lipno 1:100.000 (1914), Karte des westlichen Rußlands D31 - Wloclawek 1:100.000 (1911), Karte des westlichen Rußlands D31 - Wloclawek 1:100.000 (1915), Karte des westlichen Rußlands D32 - Klodawa 1:100.000 (1914), Karte des westlichen Rußlands D32 - Klodawa 1:100.000 (1921), Karte des westlichen Rußlands D33 - Lenczyca 1:100.000 (1915), Karte des westlichen Rußlands D34 - Ozorkow 1:100.000 (1914), Karte des westlichen Rußlands D35 - Lask 1:100.000, Karte des westlichen Rußlands D36 - Szczercow 1:100.000 (1914), Karte des westlichen Rußlands D36 - Szczercow 1:100.000 (1915), Karte des westlichen Rußlands D37 - Dzialoszyn 1:100.000 (1918), Karte des westlichen Rußlands D39 - Kosjeglowy 1:100.000, Karte des westlichen Rußlands D40 - Beuthen (Bendzin?)