[160] Europe's population increased from about 100 million in 1700 to 400 million by 1900. It is notable how the average temperatures for the coldest month, as well as the annual average temperatures, drop from the west to the east. The first recorded usage of Eurṓpē as a geographic term is in the Homeric Hymn to Delian Apollo, in reference to the western shore of the Aegean Sea. In the north, the taiga is a mixed spruce–pine–birch forest; further north within Russia and extreme northern Scandinavia, the taiga gives way to tundra as the Arctic is approached. [66] The empire continued to expand under emperors such as Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius, who spent time on the Empire's northern border fighting Germanic, Pictish and Scottish tribes. On 24 September, the Soviet Union attacked the Baltic countries and later, Finland. [21] Martin Litchfield West stated that "phonologically, the match between Europa's name and any form of the Semitic word is very poor",[22] while Beekes considers a connection to Semitic languages improbable. Asia. In 1095 Pope Urban II called for a crusade against Muslims occupying Jerusalem and the Holy Land. With the exception of Fennoscandia and northern Russia, few areas of untouched wilderness are currently found in Europe, except for various national parks. ... EU-Länder, in denen der Euro verwendet wird. [78], East Central Europe saw the creation of the first Slavic states and the adoption of Christianity (circa 1000 CE). [207] In 1967 the EEC, European Coal and Steel Community and Euratom formed the European Community, which in 1993 became the European Union. ", "The Global Religious Landscape: Muslims", "Replacement Migration: Is it a solution for Russia? ", "German jobless rate falls to new record low in March", "Debt crisis: as it happened, April 18, 2012", "Bund Yields Drop To Records on Crisis Concern Before EU Summit", "Debt-laden Greeks give vent to anti-German feelings", "Spain cries for help: is Berlin listening? The Council of Europe Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities and the Council of Europe's European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages set up a legal framework for language rights in Europe. The Great Famine of 1315–1317 was the first crisis that would strike Europe in the late Middle Ages. With tensions mounting between Germany and Poland over the future of Danzig, the Germans turned to the Soviets, and signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, which allowed the Soviets to invade the Baltic states and parts of Poland and Romania. The sea flora is mainly phytoplankton. [59] By 200 BCE, Rome had conquered Italy, and over the following two centuries it conquered Greece and Hispania (Spain and Portugal), the North African coast, much of the Middle East, Gaul (France and Belgium), and Britannia (England and Wales). Therefore, the average temperature throughout the year of Aveiro is 16 °C (61 °F), while it is only 13 °C (55 °F) in New York City which is almost on the same latitude, bordering the same ocean. Around the same time, Germany moved troops into Denmark. Tax revenues for 2014 were €86 billion (about 48% GDP), while expenditures were €89.5 billion (about 50% GDP). Major shallow water bodies submerging parts of the northern plains are the Celtic Sea, the North Sea, the Baltic Sea complex and Barents Sea. [253] Among the continents, Europe has a relatively high population density, second only to Asia. Die Einfuhren stammen zu 76 % aus EU-Mitgliedstaaten (Spanien 31 %, Deutschland 14 % und Frankreich 8 %). It was here that the foundations of the Christian kingdoms of Asturias, Leon and Galicia were laid and from where the reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula would start. Rowse, A. L. (1969). However, Churchill, Manitoba, Canada, is on roughly the same latitude and has an average temperature of −6.5 °C (20.3 °F), giving it a nearly subarctic climate. [196][197][198], The two new superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, became locked in a fifty-year-long Cold War, centred on nuclear proliferation. One view is that her name derives from the ancient Greek elements εὐρύς (eurús), "wide, broad" and ὤψ (ōps, gen. ὠπός, ōpós) "eye, face, countenance", hence their composite Eurṓpē would mean "wide-gazing" or "broad of aspect". West Germany recovered quickly and had doubled production from pre-war levels by the 1950s. Padraic Kenney "A Carnival of Revolution: Central Europe 1989" (2002) pp 109. The Russian Empire stood to benefit from the decline, whereas the Habsburg Empire and Britain perceived the preservation of the Ottoman Empire to be in their best interests. Probably 80 to 90 percent of Europe was once covered by forest. [170] Excess deaths in Russia over the course of World War I and the Russian Civil War (including the postwar famine) amounted to a combined total of 18 million. [217] Languages in adjacent areas show significant overlaps (such as in English, for example). The yearly average temperature in city of Inverness is 9.05 °C (48.29 °F). [59] The Greek city-state, the polis, was the fundamental political unit of classical Greece. However, no coordinated attempt would be made to drive the Moors out. The second most popular religion is Islam (6%)[284] concentrated mainly in the Balkans and Eastern Europe (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania, Kosovo, Kazakhstan, North Cyprus, Turkey, Azerbaijan, North Caucasus, and the Volga-Ural region). Homo erectus georgicus, which lived roughly 1.8 million years ago in Georgia, is the earliest hominin to have been discovered in Europe. Europe covers about 10,180,000 km2 (3,930,000 sq mi), or 2% of the Earth's surface (6.8% of land area), making it the second smallest continent (using the seven-continent model). [209] However, the United Kingdom withdrew from the EU on 31 January 2020, as a result of a June 2016 referendum on EU membership.[210]. [25] It has a higher ratio of coast to landmass than any other continent or subcontinent. [252] The population of Europe has grown in the past century, but in other areas of the world (in particular Africa and Asia) the population has grown far more quickly. World War I and especially World War II diminished the eminence of Western Europe in world affairs. In Russia and the Soviet Union, the boundary along the Kuma–Manych Depression was the most commonly used as early as 1906. Five European countries rank in the top ten of the world's largest national economies in GDP (PPP). Important animals that live in European seas are zooplankton, molluscs, echinoderms, different crustaceans, squids and octopuses, fish, dolphins, and whales. [164], Two world wars and an economic depression dominated the first half of the 20th century. From the 15th to 18th centuries, when the disintegrating khanates of the Golden Horde were conquered by Russia, Tatars from the Crimean Khanate frequently raided Eastern Slavic lands to capture slaves. (location, approximate latitude and longitude, coldest month average, hottest month average and annual average temperatures in degrees C). Mountain ridges also affect the conditions. The population of France was reduced by half. An arc of uplands also exists along the north-western seaboard, which begins in the western parts of the islands of Britain and Ireland, and then continues along the mountainous, fjord-cut spine of Norway. [76] Eventually the Frankish tribes were united under Clovis I. They established the state of the Golden Horde with headquarters in Crimea, which later adopted Islam as a religion and ruled over modern-day southern and central Russia for more than three centuries. Emperor Justinian I presided over Constantinople's first golden age: he established a legal code that forms the basis of many modern legal systems, funded the construction of the Hagia Sophia, and brought the Christian church under state control.[73]. In Western Europe the Neolithic period was characterised not by large agricultural settlements but by field monuments, such as causewayed enclosures, burial mounds and megalithic tombs. [270] While Istanbul has the highest total city population, it lies partly in Asia, making Moscow the largest city entirely in Europe. The southern regions are more mountainous, while moving north the terrain descends from the high Alps, Pyrenees, and Carpathians, through hilly uplands, into broad, low northern plains, which are vast in the east. [75] Between 711 and 720, most of the lands of the Visigothic Kingdom of Iberia was brought under Muslim rule — save for small areas in the northwest (Asturias) and largely Basque regions in the Pyrenees. [182][183][184] The Soviet invasion of Poland started on 17 September and Poland fell soon thereafter. Economies were disrupted by World War I but by the beginning of World War II they had recovered and were having to compete with the growing economic strength of the United States. C. Scribner, p. 400, "One decisive action might have forced Philip II to the negotiating table and avoided fourteen years of continuing warfare. Feudalism developed in France in the Early Middle Ages and soon spread throughout Europe. May 2018; Harry de Wilt: Is One Belt, One Road a China crisis for North Sea main ports? [107][108] Medieval Britain was afflicted by 95 famines,[109] and France suffered the effects of 75 or more in the same period. ", territories lying geographically outside Europe, "Boundary of Europe and Asia along Urals", Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, "Bones reveal Neanderthal child was eaten by a giant bird", "The genome sequence of a 45,000-year-old modern human from western Siberia", Hundred Years' War: Joan of Arc and the Siege of Orléans, "Epidemics of the Past: Bubonic Plague — Infoplease.com", "Black Death blamed on man, not rats | UK news | The Observer", Science and Theology Since Copernicus: The Search for Understanding, "European History/Religious Wars in Europe", Scientific Revolution: Chronological Timeline: Copernicus to Newton. The war was the largest and most destructive in human history, with 60 million dead across the world. By the mid-19th century, there were three main conventions, one following the Don, the Volga–Don Canal and the Volga, the other following the Kuma–Manych Depression to the Caspian and then the Ural River, and the third abandoning the Don altogether, following the Greater Caucasus watershed to the Caspian. Euro (davon Deutschland 15,17 Mrd. The richest in terms of nominal GDP is Monaco with its US$185,829 per capita (2018) and the poorest is Ukraine with its US$3,659 per capita (2019). Beekes who has argued in favor of a Pre-Indo-European origin for the name, explaining that a derivation from ancient Greek eurus would yield a different toponym than Europa. Not included are the three countries of the United Kingdom with devolved powers and the two Autonomous Regions of Portugal, which despite having a unique degree of autonomy, are not largely self-governing in matters other than international affairs. The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth Century, Brill, 2009. harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLaiouMorisson2007 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPounds1979 (. Det innebär att EU-kommissionen, den EU-institution som kontrollerar att EU-länder följer EU:s lagstiftning, kan starta en dialog med ett medlemsland som riskerar att bryta mot EU:s grundläggande principer. Politically, Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states, of which Russia is the largest and most populous, spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population. Since the Age of Discovery, started by Portugal and Spain, Europe played a predominant role in global affairs. The main natural vegetation cover in Europe is mixed forest. [71], Isolated monastic communities were the only places to safeguard and compile written knowledge accumulated previously; apart from this very few written records survive and much literature, philosophy, mathematics, and other thinking from the classical period disappeared from Western Europe though they were preserved in the east, in the Byzantine Empire. [259] In 2008, 696,000 persons were given citizenship of an EU27 member state, a decrease from 707,000 the previous year. To the south, the Kuma–Manych Depression was identified circa 1773 by a German naturalist, Peter Simon Pallas, as a valley that once connected the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea,[39][40] and subsequently was proposed as a natural boundary between continents. [286], Sport in Europe tends to be highly organized with many sports having professional leagues. [67][68] Christianity was legalised by Constantine I in 313 CE after three centuries of imperial persecution. [200][201][202] Germany was reunited, after the symbolic fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, and the maps of Central and Eastern Europe were redrawn once more. It started when Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated by the Yugoslav nationalist[165] Gavrilo Princip. The European Union is now the largest economy in the world. [166] Most European nations were drawn into the war, which was fought between the Entente Powers (France, Belgium, Serbia, Portugal, Russia, the United Kingdom, and later Italy, Greece, Romania, and the United States) and the Central Powers (Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire). ), Dublin:Four Courts Press. From around 50 million years ago, rising and falling sea levels have determined the actual shape of Europe, and its connections with continents such as Asia. At the time, Britain and France preferred a policy of appeasement. [168], Russia was plunged into the Russian Revolution, which threw down the Tsarist monarchy and replaced it with the communist Soviet Union. The climate is more oceanic in the west, and less so in the east. Europe's present shape dates to the late Tertiary period about five million years ago.[217]. This number includes Siberia, (about 38 million people) but excludes European Turkey (about 12 million).