According to Article 62 of the Constitution, Majlis members are elected directly by the secret vote of the public. For other political parties see List of political parties in Iran. (1987) it may, in consideration of human, political, geographic and other factors, be increased by a maximum of twenty. For a decade after the 1979 Islamic Revolution, Iran had a parliamentary political system. Proposed development expenditure amounts to $17 billion. Accordingly, revenues are classified into “taxes and other revenues”, and “oil sales” which had earlier been classified as revenue are now referred to as "transfer of capital assets".2) In 2007/08, it includes budget supplement at Rls. [76], Iran's earmarked government spending for the year starting in March 2014 at $75 billion, calculated on an open-market exchange rate, with an overall/"total" budget ceiling estimated at about $265 billion. Majlis was held for 24 terms before the victory of the Islamic Revolution. Mehdi Bazargan served as the country's first post-revolutionary prime minister, before his government resigned following Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini's endorsement of the US Embassy takeover in November 1979. [50], Distribution of Public Debt (FY 2016)[51], In 2014, Iran's banks and financial institutions total claims on the public sector (government and governmental institutions) amounted to 929 trillion IRR ($34.8 billion), which must be reduced according to the IMF. Here is an overview of the main components of the Iranian political system. The conservative power base has been said to be made up of a "web of Basiji militia members, families of war martyrs, some members of the Revolutionary Guard, some government employees, some members of the urban and rural poor, and conservative-linked foundations.". According to the current law, the Guardian Council approves the Assembly of Experts candidates, who in turn supervise and elect the Supreme Leader. the amount of transparency in elections in Iran,[20] and who is to be fired and reinstated in the Presidential cabinet. Iran's oil vs non-oil real GDP growth projections. [46], According to the head of the Department of Statistics of Iran, if the rules of budgeting were observed in this structure, the government could save at least 30 to 35 percent on its expenses. "According to World Bank figures, which take 1974 as 100, per capita GDP went from a high of 115 in 1976 to a low of 60 in 1988, the year war with Iraq ended ..." (Keddie. If true, that would make the 2016 parliamentary elections the largest field in Iran’s post-revolutionary history, although it remains to be seen how politically diverse this pool may be. The third function of the Majlis is fulfilling the duties arising from representation in the sense of formation and official recognition of Majlis and its control and supervisory over the executive branch. The Guardian Council has 12 members: 6 clerics, appointed by the Supreme Leader and 6 jurists, elected by the Majlis from among the Muslim jurists nominated by the Head of the Judicial System, who is appointed by the Supreme Leader. The Shah served as its head of state while the Prime Minister held the post of the head of government from the 1906 Persian Constitution. [56] Iran's external debt was $9.3 billion in December 2020. These are the most recent elections that have taken place. [51], In 2013, Iran's external debts stood at $7.2 billion compared with $17.3 billion in 2012. Earmarked expenditures totaled 13 percent of the central government total. When the Iranian regime held its latest parliamentary elections in February 2020, polling places saw their lowest levels of turnout in the 40-year history of the Iranian regime. The December 1979 constitution, and its 1989 amendment, define the political, economic, and social order of the Islamic Republic of Iran, declaring that Shia Islam is Iran's official religion where around 90–95% of Iranians associate themselves with the Shia branch of Islam.[1]. The Iranian government is opposed by several militias, including the Mojahedin-e-Khalq, the People's Fedayeen, and the Kurdish Democratic Party. 7) Hidden spending and liability not included. NCRI Staff. “If Iran’s Guardian Council resort to mass disqualification of the reformists to weaken the Rouhani government, then this will only further erode the legitimacy of the parliamentary system with few benefits, since the voter turnout in favour of the reformist camp was already expected to be very low.” Based on Article 63 of the Constitution, the term of membership of the Islamic Parliament of Iran is four years. [75] The budget law also includes income of 500 trillion Rials from the subsidies reform plan. US dollar/Iranian rial exchange rate (2003-2014 est.). [44], Because of changes in the classification of budgetary figures, comparison of categories among different years is not possible. This amendment allows the government to issue debt based instruments and the use of forex reserves in an attempt to clear its debt to the private sector, including contractors, banks and insurers.[93]. However, since the Iranian Revolution, the government's general budget payments have averaged:[40], Iran spent 22.5% of its 2003 national budget on social welfare programs of which more than 50% covered pension costs.[45]. Active student groups include the pro-reform "Office for Strengthening Unity" and "the Union of Islamic Student Societies'; Iran's fiscal year (FY) goes from 21 to 20 March of the following year. 8th October 2017. [89] R&D's share in the GNP is at 0.06% (where it should be 2.5% of GDP)[90][91] and industry-driven R&D is almost non‑existent. [69] The defense budget shows an increase of 127 percent. Yusefiyan-Molla then added that as Iran’s supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, had dismissed the idea, no … The bill will be sent back to the parliament for amendments if it is voted down by the Guardian Council. [38] But according to the Santiago Principles, NDFI must coordinate its investment decisions and actions with the macro-economic and monetary policies of the government of Iran. A list of countries with semi-presidential constitutions is posted separately. The Constitution comments on the points this way: *Approval of imposition of certain restrictions: Article 79 of the Constitution, *Approving the taking or granting of loans or grants-in-aid, domestic or foreign: Article 80 of the Constitution, *The settlement of claims pertaining to public and State property, or the referral thereof for arbitration: Article 139 of the Constitution, *The employment of foreign experts is forbidden, except in cases of necessity and with the approval of the Parliament of Iran: Article 82 of the Constitution, *Deciding on the country’s frontiers: Article 78 of the Constitution, *Transfer of buildings and irreplaceable treasures: Article 83 of the Constitution. [87], Proposed government budget is 9.52-quadrillion Iranian rials (about 262 billion US dollars). For a decade after the 1979 Islamic Revolution, Iran had a parliamentary political system. The Iranian Parliament is called “the Islamic Consultative Assembly” or “Majlis.”. Of a total population of about 65 million, more than 46 million people - all those over 18 - are eligible to vote. Library, Museum and Document Center of Iran Parliament, Enter your e-mail and subscribe to our newsletter, Copyright © by Parliran.ir / Powered by: Center of Planning and Information Technology, Islamic Parliament of Iran, Parameter:396&4306&57895!model&7984 -LayoutId:7984 LayoutNameالگوی متنی بدون عکس بزرگ, Baharestan Square, Tehran,Iran, PO box: 11575-177. The Expediency Council acts as final arbiter in any dispute. Alike other branches of power, parliaments share highly common duties in many countries. [21][22], The Supreme Leader is appointed and supervised by the Assembly of Experts. In addition, there are representatives elected from appointed organizations (usually under the Supreme Leader's control) to "protect the state's Islamic character".[2]. Click on the flow chart below to find out more about Iran's complex political system. Here is my list of presidential, parliamentary and other regimes as of 1 August 2018. Noting the function and status of the Parliament in the political system of the Islamic Republic of Iran, it can be concluded that contrary to many traditional and ruling systems worldwide, that merely focus on forming a consultative parliament, whose members are mainly appointed and only offer consultative and non-binding recommendations to the head of state (government), Islamic Republic of Irans Majlis is … The IMF estimated in October 2014 that Iran would run a general government deficit of $8.6 billion in 2015, at the official exchange rate, to be compensated by drawing on the National Development Fund. [57], Iran's total debt service as percent of exports of goods services and income increased sixfold between 1990 and 1997. The National Development Fund of Iran (NDFI) does not depend on Iran's budget. [40], As of 2010, oil income accounts for 80% of Iran's foreign currency revenues and 60% of the nation's overall budget. The government's general budget for 2012–13 shows a 3.5% decline in comparison to the previous year, while the budget for state-owned companies and organisations has risen by 18.5%. 9,500 billion.3) The government budget does not include state revenues and expenses derived from state owned commercial enterprises. [23] Also, all directly-elected members after the vetting process by the Guardian Council still have to be approved by the Supreme Leader. [68], The proposed budget for 2011–2012 amounts to 5.1 quadrillion rials (approximately $416 billion). The Islamic Republic of Iran is an authoritarian theocratic republic with a Shia Islamic political system based on velayat-e faqih (guardianship of the jurist). The value of the US dollar is estimated at IRR 10,500 for the same period. IMF. [74], In May 2013, the Iranian parliament approved a 7.27-quadrillion-rial (about $593 billion) national budget bill for 2013–14. Iranian taxpayers incur a loss of $3.3 billion annually because of fuel smuggling (& not including other smuggled oil derivatives), equivalent to the "development budget" of Iran. But what influence does the parliament have on Iranian politics? [34][35][36], Setad, another organization worth more than $95 billion, has been described as "secretive" and "little known". However, in certain countries like Iran, the parliament has much more extensive duties compared to parliaments in other parts of the world due to the type of public opinion towards parliament. For a decade after the 1979 Islamic Revolution, Iran had a parliamentary political system. NCRI – A number of Iranian regime MPs are to write a letter to regime leader Ali Khamenei, asking him to issue a ‘constitution revision order’ so the current presidential system could be turned into a parliamentary one. [85], Iran's 2015 proposed budget is nearly $300 billion. Hence, based on Article 112 of the Constitution, the State Expediency Council will meet by the order of the Supreme Leader to decide what is most expedient whenever the Guardian Council considers a bill approved by the Islamic Majlis of Iran to be contrary to the principles of the Sharí‘ah or the Constitution and the Parliament is unable to secure the satisfaction of the Guardian Council on the basis of national expediency. Alike other branches of power, parliaments share highly common duties in many countries. Revenues from taxes have been projected at 458 trillion Rials ($37 billion), which shows a 10% increase year-on-year. Mehdi Bazargan served as the country’s first post-revolutionary prime minister, before his government resigned following Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini’s endorsement of the US Embassy takeover in November 1979. Iran is a Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist and Islamic republic in which the president, parliament (Majles) and judicial system share powers reserved to the national government, according to its Constitution. [64], The public budget was $165 billion (1,770 trillion rials) in Iranian year 2011–2012. function Request_CntMod0_ctl27_BtnSend(){return ['CntMod0_ctl27,CntMod0$ctl27','FullName','Email','Mobile','AddressPage']; }. Based upon a new Constitution, approved on 15 October 2005 by referendum, Iraq is an Islamic, democratic federal republic, consisting of 18 governorates (muhafazat).The Kurdistan Autonomous Region forms part of the Federal Republic Iraq, and is made up of the three northern … Q&A: Iran parliamentary election. A prominent Iranian lawmaker close to Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei's office has suggested that the Islamic Republic should do away with its presidential system and revert to a parliamentary model in which the legislature (Majles) appoints a prime minister. In 2021, a number of Muslim majority countries are Islamic democracies. [63] 4) The government budget does not account for subsidies paid to state owned commercial enterprise. By mid-1982, power struggles eliminated first the center of political spectrum and then the Republicans[3][4][5] leaving the revolutionary leader Ayatollah Khomeini and his supporters in power. 4671 - Front page. The politics of Iran take place in a framework that officially combines elements of theocracy and presidential democracy. While the Majlis is institutionally separate from the Guardians’ Council, an appointed body of 12 Islamic jurists, the Council plays a large role in the parliament’s elections and its legislative role. [24][25], The Guardian Council is an appointed and constitutionally mandated 12-member council with considerable power. The Zoroastrians and Jews will each elect one representative; Assyrian and Chaldean Christians will jointly elect one representative; and Armenian Christians in the north and the south will each elect one representative. The Islamic Republic Party was Iran's ruling political party and for years its only political party until its dissolution in 1987. [63] 5) Excluding special revenues and expenditures and the figure for transparency in the price (subsidy) of energy bearers. The parliamentary system in the Islamic Republic of Iran. After the war, new reformist/progressive parties had started to form. Elections for each term must take place before the end of the preceding term, so that the country is never left without a Parliament. Based on Article 91 of the Constitution, the Guardian Council will be composed of the following: Six   jurists (fuqahã’), who are persons of integrity (‘ãdil) and well aware of the present needs and issues of the day and six lawyers who are Muslim, specializing in various fields of law. The December 1979 constitution, and its 1989 amendment, define the political, economic, and social order of the Islamic Republic of Iran, declaring that Shia Islamis Iran's official religion where ar… [94] Iranian reformists, such as Mohammad-Ali Abtahi have considered this to be the core legal obstacle for the reform movement in Iran.[95][96][97][98][99]. 28% will come from taxes and the remaining, This page was last edited on 18 February 2021, at 09:35. On Aug. 15, 2019, Ezatollah Yusefiyan-Molla, the MP for the city of Amol, announced that 151 out of Iran’s 290 parliamentarians had signed a letter calling for the amendment of the constitution, whereby the country’s presidential system would be replaced with a parliamentary one. that the country exports 1 million barrels per day of crude oil and 0.3 million barrels per day of gas condensates at an average price of $72 per barrel of crude. [87][88] An average oil price of $50 for the coming year would result in a deficit of $7.5 billion. [47], Contrary to the main objective and because of a lack in the implementation of the subsidy reform plan, the volume of Iranian subsidies given to its citizens on fossil fuel, which increased 42.2% in 2019, equals 15.3% of Iran's GDP and 16% of total global energy subsidies. [55] These arrears are owed to banks (45%), private contractors (37%), and social security (18%) (FY 2016). Groups that generally support the Islamic Republic include Ansar-e Hizballah, The Iranian Islamic Students Association, Muslim Students Following the Line of the Imam, Islam's Students, and the Islamic Coalition Association. ... Nearly 40% of the original 7,597 candidates who registered were disqualified under an elaborate system that weeds out anyone believed to have an "unsuitable" political record of loyalty to the Islamic Republic. In 930, the first assembly of the Alþingi was convened at Þingvellir in Iceland, becoming the earliest version of a formalized parliamentary system. [30] Overall, an estimated 50 percent of Iran's GDP was exempt from taxes in FY 2004. In November 1979 the US embassy was seized and its occupants taken hostage and kept captive for 444 days because of support of the US government for the King of Iran. A council to be known as the Guardian Council is to be constituted to safeguard Islamic laws and the Constitution and to verify the compatibility of legislation passed by the Islamic Parliament of Iran with them. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran, the second round, to elect eleven seats, was postponed until 11 September 2020. [92], An amendment to the budget was passed in August 2016. Other items (earmarked expenditures, foreign-exchange losses, coverage of liabilities of letters of credit, and net lending) accounted for the remainder. This led to incorporation and official activity of many other groups, including hard-liners. p. 1", "Iran's president: Nuclear deal has helped economy", "Iran's next year budget bill sees economic growth at 3%, inflation at 21%", "Irandaily - No. The announcement was made by Ezatollah Yousefian-Molla, head of parliament’s commission on drafting internal regulations, who claimed that the “goal is to resolve the issue of lack of cooperation between the parliament … The State Expediency Council will also meet to consult on any issue referred to it by the Leader or related to its duties as mentioned in this Constitution. On February 26, four experts discussed the sweeping victory by conservative factions in Iran’s parliamentary elections. Last week, the Iranian regime held its sham parliamentary by-election. According to the constitution, all candidates running for these positions must be vetted by the Guardian Council before being elected. Thereafter, major elements of these policies are incorporated into the five-year economic development plan. Indonesia is currently the largest Islamic democracy in the world.. Overall or "Total" Government Budget; which includes. Like the original one in February, the by-e lection, with an unprecedented public boycott, showed the mullahs’ deadlock and desperation.. "Selected Issues" Report, Islamic Republic of Iran, March 2018. [37] It is not overseen by the Iranian Parliament, as that body voted in 2008 to "prohibit itself from monitoring organizations that the supreme leader controls, except with his permission". Here is my list of presidential, parliamentary and other regimes as of 1 August 2018. [77][78][79][80] The budget bill permits the government to use more than $35 billion in foreign finance. The first parliaments date back to the Middle Ages. The supreme leader is the head of state. Based on Article 62 of the Constitution, Guardian Council is formed and established to check Majlis approvals in terms of their consistency with general guidelines and the Constitution. Etemaad quoted him as saying during a parliament session, “As soon as the bill for a parliamentary system is passed, the president is obliged to introduce a prime minister so that the country based on a parliamentary system can manage the country.” For a breakdown of expenditures for social and economic purposes, see the attached chart. [89] The proposed expenses are $58 billion including $39 billion is salary and pension payments to government employees. [92] Assumptions made in the budget are $50 billion in foreign investment and foreign loans, 5-6% GDP growth and 11% inflation. The government also is seeking higher sums for development, research, and health projects. [70] Approved budget of 5,660 trillion Rials $477 billion is based on an oil price of $85 per barrel and the average value of the U.S. dollar for the fiscal year has been projected to be 12,260 rials, allowing the government to gain $53.8 billion from subsidy cut. [72] In the first half of 2012, Iran announced in Majlis that it has taken in only 25% of its budgeted annual revenue. The early days of the revolutionary government were characterized by political tumult.