"All these things they are accusing my father of are pure propaganda…These war crimes are not true… I have heard that top Jews themselves ordered these executions because they believe Jews should be martyrs," he said in a 1961 interview with Parade Magazine during a visit to the United States which, according to CIA documents, prompted local authorities to deport him. The Nazis began the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, and their Jewish policy changed from emigration to extermination. [201], Eichmann was hanged at a prison in Ramla hours later. }); }) [204], Within hours Eichmann's body had been cremated, and his ashes scattered in the Mediterranean Sea, outside Israeli territorial waters, by an Israeli Navy patrol boat. He told his sons that Hitler went after the Jews because they planned to sterilise Germans by putting chemicals in the water. Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann penned a plea for his life to Israel’s president two days before he was hanged in 1962 for masterminding the “Final Solution” plan to exterminate 6 million Jews. The youngest, Ricardo, rejected him and said his execution was justified. [47], Within weeks of the invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939, Nazi policy toward the Jews changed from voluntary emigration to forced deportation. [159] In an Israeli cabinet meeting shortly after Eichmann's capture, Justice Minister Pinchas Rosen stated "I think that it will be impossible to find an Israeli lawyer, a Jew or an Arab, who will agree to defend him", and thus a foreign lawyer would be necessary. After an unremarkable school career, Eichmann briefly worked for his father's mining company in Austria, where the family had moved in 1914. [154] Hausner's opening address began, "It is not an individual that is in the dock at this historic trial and not the Nazi regime alone, but anti-Semitism throughout history. [41] They prepared a report on their visit, which was published in 1982. He initially found work in the forestry industry and later leased a small plot of land in Altensalzkoth, where he lived until 1950. After the war, uncertainty over his forenames became apparent. dataLayer.push({'event': 'GA_Event_zynet', 'Category': 'Article Gallery', 'Action': 'Show', 'Label': 'http://www.ynet.co.il/english/articles/0,7340,L-5388512,00.html'}); The cabinet decided to recommend to President Ben-Zvi that Eichmann not be granted clemency,[200] and Ben-Zvi rejected the clemency petition. His wife, who disliked Berlin, resided in Prague with the children. Diese zentrale Dienststelle des Reichssicherheitshauptamtes (RSHA, mit dem Kürzel IV D 4) organisierte die Verfolgung, Vertreibung … [174], The defence next engaged in a lengthy direct examination of Eichmann. [20] His regiment was SS-Standarte 37, responsible for guarding the party headquarters in Linz and protecting party speakers at rallies, which would often become violent. His identity was discovered after a Jewish woman named Sylvia Hermann briefly dated his eldest son Klaus who did not know she was Jewish. [210] Arendt, a political theorist who reported on Eichmann's trial for The New Yorker, described Eichmann in her book Eichmann in Jerusalem as the embodiment of the "banality of evil", as she thought he appeared to have an ordinary personality, displaying neither guilt nor hatred. [131] He was held there for nine days, during which time his identity was double-checked and confirmed. }); [102], At the end of the war, Eichmann was captured by US forces and spent time in several camps for SS officers using forged papers that identified him as Otto Eckmann. [79], Eichmann did not make policy, but acted in an operational capacity. [7] His parents were Adolf Karl Eichmann, a bookkeeper, and Maria (née Schefferling), a housewife. MailOnline also tracked down the mistress of Eichmann’s second son Horst who reveals what became of the brothers; The incredible story has been turned into a Netflix blockbuster starring Ben Kingsley; The fates of Nazi monster Adolf Eichmann’s four sons can … [120], Harel dispatched Shin Bet chief interrogator Zvi Aharoni to Buenos Aires on 1 March 1960,[121] and he was able to confirm Eichmann's identity after several weeks of investigation. After their father was executed, The Daily Mail revealed, Horst and Klaus set up a Nazi cell and planned to attack Jewish businesses and synagogues. that he was tired of being a fugitive. - Klaus Eichmann stated in 2002 that he regeretted the Nazis had not completed their extermination of the Jews. Those trials were conducted by the Allied forces under international law and the laws of war. Ricardo is now a professor of archaeology at the German Archaeological Institute. During the trial, he did not deny the Holocaust or his role in organising it, but claimed that he was simply following orders in a totalitarian Führerprinzip system. [96] Nothing came of the proposal, as the Western Allies refused to consider the offer. The youngest, Ricardo, rejected him and said his execution was justified. [202] His last words were reported to be, Long live Germany. [40] Eichmann and Hagen attempted to return to Palestine a few days later, but were denied entry after the British authorities refused them the required visas. }); imgCredit = yq(value).children().find('.citv_credit').html() || yq(value).children().find('.ya_citv_credit').html(); [81] Eichmann's office was responsible for collecting information on the Jews in each area, organising the seizure of their property, and arranging for and scheduling trains. [95] In June 1944 Eichmann was involved in negotiations with Rudolf Kasztner that resulted in the rescue of 1,684 people, who were sent by train to safety in Switzerland in exchange for three suitcases full of diamonds, gold, cash, and securities. if (imgTitle != null) "That is why they were killed, he told them. Eichmann had four sons; the three eldest, Klaus, Horst and Dieter, remained loyal to him even after his death. [206] The trial received widespread coverage by the press in West Germany, and many schools added material studying the issues to their curricula. Eichmann, a former Nazi SS-Obersturmbannführer (lieutenant colonel), was executed by hanging in May 1962. Klaus, Eichmann's firstborn son, was extremely radical and deeply committed to Nazi ideology. He was found guilty on all of the charges, and was executed by hanging on 1 June 1962. The couple had two children. Some authors maintain that his father's name was Karl Adolf, for example, In September 1939, this department was renamed Section IV B4 of the. "[212] The term "little Eichmanns" became a pejorative term for bureaucrats charged with indirectly and systematically harming others. Transports continued, but at a much slower pace than originally envisioned. [191], Eichmann's defence team appealed the verdict to the Israeli Supreme Court. function PushOpeningPicture() { [133] However, Mengele had already left his last known residence in the city, and Harel had no further leads, so the plans for his capture were abandoned. He was tasked by SS-Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich with facilitating and managing the logistics involved in the mass deportation of Jews to ghettos and extermination camps in Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe during World War II. res = str.replace("citvCompId", ".magnifyPiccitvCompId"); Visitors included Hermann Goering, Heinrich Himmler, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, and Baron Leopold von Mildenstein. [215], Eichmann's youngest son Ricardo Eichmann says he is not resentful toward Israel for executing his father. [116] His daughter Sylvia began dating a man named Klaus Eichmann in 1956 who boasted about his father's Nazi exploits, and Hermann alerted Fritz Bauer, prosecutor-general of the state of Hesse in West Germany. The three wrestled Eichmann to the ground and, after a struggle, moved him to a car where they hid him on the floor under a blanket. Carmen said she found out about Horst's Nazi father when she was six months pregnant with their daughter. [208] The trial therefore greatly reduced the previously popular misconception that Jews had gone "like sheep to the slaughter". imgTitleFinal = "" + TitleTrimmed + "" ; Eichmann, the mastermind of the so-called “Final Solution” to rid Europe of its Jews, sent 6 million Jews to their deaths during World War II. [15], A few months after the Nazi seizure of power in Germany in January 1933, Eichmann lost his job due to staffing cutbacks at Vacuum Oil. [24] Eichmann's battalion of the Deutschland Regiment was quartered at barracks next door to Dachau concentration camp. The content of his letter and other trial documents were made public on 27 January 2016. imgTitleFinalAlt = ''; Many had already been brought to justice at the Nuremberg trials that were held following World War II between 1945 and 1949. [163] The trial was held at the Beit Ha'am (today known as the Gerard Behar Center), an auditorium in central Jerusalem. The couple had four sons: Klaus Eichmann (born 1936 in Berlin), Horst Adolf Eichmann (born 1940 in Vienna), Dieter Helmut Eichmann (born 1942 in Prague) called after Eichmann’s adjutant Dieter Wisliczeny, and Ricardo “Haasi” Francisco Eichmann (born 1955 in Buenos Aires). "They expected it, but it didn't make it easier. if (imgCredit != null) He was hoping to bring Mengele back to Israel on the same flight. [90][91] Between 10–25 per cent of the people on each train were chosen as forced labourers; the rest were killed within hours of arrival. A team of Mossad and Shin Bet agents captured Eichmann and brought him to Israel to stand trial on 15 criminal charges, including war crimes, crimes against humanity, and crimes against the Jewish people. We'll meet again soon, as is the fate of all men. He has been investigated several times for neo-Nazi activity. [97], Eichmann, resentful that Kurt Becher and others were becoming involved in Jewish emigration matters, and angered by Himmler's suspension of deportations to the death camps, requested reassignment in July. TitleTrimmed = imgTitle; [84], Germany invaded Hungary on 19 March 1944. [43] Jewish community organisations were placed under supervision of the SD and tasked with encouraging and facilitating Jewish emigration. "I was not a responsible leader, and as such do not feel myself guilty. Following the war Eichmann lived in Germany under a false name before fleeing to Argentina, where he … for his crimes in 1960. var current_url = window.location.href; He died, as stated, three years ago. } According to Carmen, Eichmann persuaded his sons that he had only wanted to expel the Jews from Germany, but was forced to murder them after no other country would accept them. Carmen is a seamstress by profession and has lived with Horst for 13 years. He lived with his wife in a modest house in Buenos Aires, where he worked in a Mercedes factory. function _isMobile() { [69] However, with the entry of the United States into the war in December and the German failure in the Battle of Moscow, Hitler decided that the Jews of Europe were to be exterminated immediately rather than after the war, which now had no end in sight. [99] Throughout October and November, Eichmann arranged for tens of thousands of Jewish victims to be forced to march, in appalling conditions, from Budapest to Vienna, a distance of 210 kilometres (130 mi). The hanging, scheduled for midnight at the end of 31 May, was slightly delayed and thus took place a few minutes past midnight on 1 June 1962. [118] In 1957, Bauer passed along the information in person to Mossad director Isser Harel, who assigned operatives to undertake surveillance, but no concrete evidence was initially found. return isMobile; Accused Adolf Eichmann is at present taking place in this Court. In the context of this main hearing, I request you to extend legal assistance to this Court by the examination on oath of the following witness: Dr. Theodor Horst Grell, Berchtesgaden/Upper Bavaria, Hasensprung 31-32. He returned to Berlin, where he arranged for the incriminating records of Department IV-B4 to be burned. [68] The Generalplan Ost (General Plan for the East) called for deporting the population of occupied Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union to Siberia, for use as slave labour or to be murdered. By the time the transports were stopped in July 1944, 437,000 of Hungary's 725,000 Jews had been killed. yq(this).siblings('.ya_enlarge_button').fadeOut(200).css('display', 'none'); [18], On the advice of family friend and local SS leader Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Eichmann joined the Austrian branch of the Nazi Party on 1 April 1932, member number 889,895. str = value.id; Eichmann collected information for him, attended the conference, and prepared the minutes. Barracks were planned but never completed. var imgTitleFinalAlt; [80] Specific deportation orders came from his RSHA superior, Gestapo chief Heinrich Müller, acting on Himmler's behalf. [214] Prominent historians such as Christopher Browning, Deborah Lipstadt, Yaacov Lozowick, and David Cesarani reached a similar conclusion: that Eichmann was not the unthinking bureaucratic functionary that Arendt believed him to be. [104], In 1948, Eichmann obtained a landing permit for Argentina and false identification under the name Ricardo Klement through an organisation directed by Bishop Alois Hudal, an Austrian cleric then residing in Italy with known Nazi sympathies. [171], Some of the evidence submitted by the prosecution took the form of depositions made by leading Nazis. [52][51] Many of the deportees were driven by the SS into Soviet-occupied territory and others were eventually placed in a nearby labour camp. yq('.magnifyPic'+value.id).mouseover(function(){ [100], On 24 December 1944, Eichmann fled Budapest just before the Soviets completed their encirclement of the capital. The operation soon was called off, partly because Hitler decided the required trains were better used for military purposes for the time being. Eichmann and his staff became responsible for Jewish deportations to extermination camps, where the victims were gassed. [105] These documents enabled him to obtain an International Committee of the Red Cross humanitarian passport and the remaining entry permits in 1950 that would allow emigration to Argentina. [135], Near midnight on 20 May, Eichmann was sedated by an Israeli doctor on the Mossad team and dressed as a flight attendant. var imgTitle; 'It was a very difficult time when he was in prison in Israel. var imagesArray = yq( "div[id^='citvCompId']" ); [207] In Israel, the testimony of witnesses at the trial led to a deeper awareness of the impact of the Holocaust on survivors, especially among younger citizens. [157] The defence team consisted of German lawyer Robert Servatius, legal assistant Dieter Wechtenbruch, and Eichmann himself. [150] Inspector Less noted that Eichmann did not seem to realise the enormity of his crimes and showed no remorse. He also drew up plans for a Jewish reservation, first at Nisko in southeast Poland and later in Madagascar, but neither of these plans were ever carried out. [103] Meanwhile, former commandant of Auschwitz Rudolf Höss and others gave damning evidence about Eichmann at the Nuremberg trials of major war criminals starting in 1946. [123][124] Harel arrived in May 1960 to oversee the capture. [26] Mildenstein invited Eichmann to join his Jewish Department, Section II/112 of the SD, at its Berlin headquarters. [127] The agents had arrived in April[128] and observed his routine for many days, noting that he arrived home from work by bus at about the same time every evening. The family was prepared for his execution. [167] In the case of the Sassen interviews, only Eichmann's hand-written notes were admitted into evidence. Eichmann produced tapes, transcripts, and handwritten notes. Otto Adolf Eichmann (* 19. yq('.magnifyPic'+value.id).css({background: "url(/images/articlepiclightbox/enlarge.png)"}) He obtained new identity papers with the name of Otto Heninger and relocated frequently over the next several months, moving ultimately to the Lüneburg Heath. Alles wieviel du letztendlich betreffend Horst adolf eichmann wissen wolltest, siehst du bei uns - sowie die genauesten Horst adolf eichmann … var imgTitleFinal; [14][15], During this time, he joined the Jungfrontkämpfervereinigung, the youth section of Hermann Hiltl's right-wing veterans movement, and began reading newspapers published by the Nazi Party. After the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939, Eichmann and his staff arranged for Jews to be concentrated in ghettos in major cities with the expectation that they would be transported either farther east or overseas. Such a man is Adolf Eichmann, the Nazi, a symbol of the hatred and unspeakable hideousness of Hitler’s Germany.' According to MailOnline, Klaus and Horst are dead, while Ricardo, … His regiment was SS-Standarte 37, responsible for guarding the party headquarters in Linz and protecting party speakers at rallies, which would often become violent. } var str; [197] Eichmann's wife and brothers also wrote to Ben-Zvi requesting clemency. [16] The party platform included the dissolution of the Weimar Republic in Germany, rejection of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, radical antisemitism, and anti-Bolshevism. [205], The trial and the surrounding media coverage sparked renewed interest in wartime events, and the resulting increase in publication of memoirs and scholarly works helped raise public awareness of the Holocaust. "[152], Eichmann's trial before a special tribunal of the Jerusalem District Court began on 11 April 1961. [62] On 15 August 1940, Eichmann released a memorandum titled Reichssicherheitshauptamt: Madagaskar Projekt (Reich Main Security Office: Madagascar Project), calling for the resettlement to Madagascar of a million Jews per year for four years. When he was executed, Klaus and Horst became very angry and started attacking Jews. }); Eichmann had four sons—Klaus, Horst and Dieter—who remained loyal to their father even after his death, while his youngest, Ricardo, renounced the Nazi war criminal and condemned him. { I am ready. In May 2007, a student doing research on Eichmann's capture discovered the passport in court archives in Argentina. [178] Servatius also proposed that decisions of the Nazi government were acts of state and therefore not subject to normal judicial proceedings. [177] Eichmann asserted that the decisions had been made not by him, but by Müller, Heydrich, Himmler, and ultimately Hitler. He managed to escape, and lived for years as a quiet, “off … Long live Argentina. For the film, see, German Nazi official, a major organiser of the Holocaust, Camps, ghettos, execution sites and attacks, Perpetrators, participants, organizations, and collaborators, Resistance: Judenrat, victims, documentation and technical, Transition from emigration to deportation. [6], Otto Adolf Eichmann,[a] the eldest of five children, was born in 1906 to a Calvinist Protestant family in Solingen, Germany. [73] In preparation for the conference, Eichmann drafted for Heydrich a list of the numbers of Jews in various European countries and prepared statistics on emigration. [187] He was deemed responsible for the dreadful conditions onboard the deportation trains and for obtaining Jews to fill those trains. [13] He left without attaining a degree and joined his father's new enterprise, the Untersberg Mining Company, where he worked for several months. yq('.magnifyPic'+value.id).css({background: "url(/images/articlepiclightbox/enlarge.png)"}); [30] On 21 March 1935 Eichmann married Veronika (Vera) Liebl (1909–93). The documents also revealed that both agencies had used some of Eichmann's former Nazi colleagues to spy on European Communist countries. [90][93] In spite of the orders to stop, Eichmann personally made arrangements for additional trains of victims to be sent to Auschwitz on 17 and 19 July. Juni 1962 in Ramla bei Tel Aviv, Israel) war ein deutscher SS-Obersturmbannführer.Während der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus und des Zweiten Weltkrieges leitete er in Berlin das „Eichmannreferat“. According to media reports at the time, he organized a press conference in Buenos Aires hours after his father was sentenced to death, in protest of the "injustice" of the sentence. Information collected by the Mossad, Israel's intelligence agency, confirmed his location in 1960. Both organisations had known for at least two years that Eichmann was hiding in Argentina, but they did not act because it did not serve their interests in the Cold War. [48] After discussions with Hitler in the preceding weeks, on 21 September SS-Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich, head of the SD, advised his staff that Jews were to be collected into cities in Poland with good rail links to facilitate their expulsion from territories controlled by Germany, starting with areas that had been incorporated into the Reich. [60][61] Horrendous conditions in the ghettos—severe overcrowding, poor sanitation, and a lack of food—resulted in a high death rate. [57] On many of the trains in this period, up to a third of the deportees died in transit. TitleTrimmed += "..."; [10], Eichmann attended the Kaiser Franz Joseph Staatsoberrealschule (state secondary school) in Linz, the same high school Adolf Hitler had attended some 17 years before. [138] They arrived in Israel on 22 May, and Ben-Gurion announced his capture to the Knesset the following afternoon. Eichmann arrived the same day, and was soon joined by top members of his staff and five or six hundred members of the SD, SS, and Sicherheitspolizei (SiPo, "Security Police"). "Grandpa Eichmann had once told (his kids—ed.) var TitleTrimmed; [22] After he attended a training programme at the SS depot in Klosterlechfeld in August, Eichmann returned to the Passau border in September, where he was assigned to lead an eight-man SS liaison team to guide Austrian National Socialists into Germany and smuggle propaganda material from there into Austria. Eichmann lấy vợ tên Veronica Liebl (sinh 1909 – mất 1997) ngày 21 tháng 3 năm 1935, sinh được 4 người con: Klaus Eichmann (sinh 1936 tại Berlin), Horst Adolf Eichmann (sinh 1940 tại Viên), Dieter Helmut Eichmann (sinh 1942 tại Praha), và Ricardo Francisco Eichmann (sinh 1955 tại Buenos Aires). [129] The plan was almost abandoned on the designated day when Eichmann was not on the bus that he usually took home,[130] but he got off another bus about half an hour later. Eichmann was kidnapped by Mossad agents in Argentina in 1960 and brought to Israel. Adolf Eichmann during his trial in Jerusalem (public domain) Two of Nazi leader Adolf Eichmann’s four sons are dead and a third lives in Argentina, just a … He was hanged on the night between May 31 and June 1, 1962, exactly 53 years ago. Eichmann initially told his sons that he was their uncle, in order to prevent his true identity from being discovered, and confessed the truth only after an argument with Horst, she explained. [217], "Eichmann" redirects here. The Nazi Party was banned in Austria around the same time. if (res != null)